Which is NOT an element of visual communication?

Visual communication encompasses various elements that help convey messages, emotions, and information through visual means. In this context, proximity refers to the placement or arrangement of visual elements in relation to each other, influencing how they are perceived together. It plays a significant role in grouping, associating, or differentiating elements within a design, thus it is considered an element of visual communication.

On the other hand, texture, form, and scale are classic elements used in visual communication. Texture pertains to the surface quality or feel of an object; form relates to the three-dimensional shape and structure of design elements, and scale refers to the size relationships between different objects in a visual composition. Since proximity is indeed an essential aspect of how visual elements interact with one another, it aligns itself with visual communication practices, thereby making it an integral part of the discipline rather than an outsider.